Gum disease is primarily caused by a buildup of plaque and bacteria along and below the gumline, which can lead to infection and inflammation of the gums. Poor oral hygiene, smoking, genetics, and certain health conditions like diabetes can increase the risk of developing it. If not removed regularly through brushing, flossing, and professional cleanings, plaque can harden into tartar and worsen the condition over time.

Gum disease can often be reversed in its early stage, known as gingivitis, with improved oral hygiene and professional dental cleanings. However, once it progresses to periodontitis, the damage to the gums and supporting bone cannot be fully reversed, but it can be managed and controlled with periodontal treatment. Early intervention is key to preventing long-term complications and protecting oral health.

Gum disease treatment is typically not painful, as local anesthetic is often used to keep patients comfortable during procedures like deep cleaning or laser therapy. Some mild soreness or sensitivity may be experienced afterward, especially in more advanced cases, but this usually subsides within a few days. Your dental team will also provide aftercare instructions to help manage any discomfort and support healing.

Periodontitis is an advanced form of gum disease that occurs when a bacterial infection spreads below the gumline and begins damaging the supporting bone and tissues around the teeth. It often develops from untreated gingivitis and can lead to gum recession, loose teeth, and eventual tooth loss if not properly managed. Treatment from a periodontal specialist is required to control the infection and prevent further progression.

In Alberta, most private dental insurance plans do cover periodontal (gum disease) treatment, but the amount covered depends on your specific policy. Treatments like scaling and root planing, maintenance cleanings, and sometimes gum surgery are typically classified as “basic” or “major” services, which are often covered at around 50% to 80%, though annual limits and pre-approvals may apply.

The public Alberta health plan generally does not cover routine dental care, so coverage mainly comes from private insurance or programs like the Canadian Dental Care Plan (if eligible). It’s always best to check your individual benefits booklet or speak with your insurer, since coverage for procedures like gum grafting or bone grafting can vary significantly.

You should see a periodontist if you notice signs of gum disease such as bleeding, swollen, or receding gums, persistent bad breath, or loose teeth. A referral is also recommended if your dentist identifies moderate to advanced periodontal disease or if basic treatment isn’t improving your gum health. Seeing a specialist early can help prevent further damage and protect the long-term stability of your teeth and gums.